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welfare state

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welfare state 福利國家。

福利國家。 “welfare“ 中文翻譯：   n. 福利(事業)；繁榮，興隆。 Advisory Co ...“state“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.〔常作 S-〕國，國家；〔通例作 S-〕(美國 ...“the welfare state“ 中文翻譯：   社會福利“centralization and the welfare state“ 中文翻譯：   集權與福利國家“milking the welfare state“ 中文翻譯：   騙取福利國家“welfare“ 中文翻譯：   n. 福利(事業)；繁榮，興隆。 Advisory Committee for Child W- 兒童福利促進會。 public welfare funds 公共福利基金。 the national welfare and the people's livelihood 國計民生。 “animal welfare“ 中文翻譯：   動物福利“benefit; welfare“ 中文翻譯：   福利“built in welfare“ 中文翻譯：   固有福利“built-in welfare“ 中文翻譯：   固有福利“care and welfare“ 中文翻譯：   照顧和福利“child welfare“ 中文翻譯：   兒童福利“child-welfare“ 中文翻譯：   兒童福利“children welfare“ 中文翻譯：   小兒康樂的“collective welfare“ 中文翻譯：   集體福利“common welfare“ 中文翻譯：   公共福利。 “community welfare“ 中文翻譯：   社會福利“corporate welfare“ 中文翻譯：   公司福利; 企業福利政策“economic welfare“ 中文翻譯：   經濟福利“economical welfare“ 中文翻譯：   經濟福利“economics of welfare“ 中文翻譯：   福利經濟學“employee welfare“ 中文翻譯：   員工福利; 職工福利“general welfare“ 中文翻譯：   公共福利; 一般福利“head welfare“ 中文翻譯：   福利組主任“index of welfare“ 中文翻譯：   福利指數

welfare stater

In her reply to a question raised at the sitting on 20 november this year concerning cases involving babies lapsing into a “ vegetative “ state as a result of birth asphyxia , the secretary for health and welfare stated that no such cases were reported by public hospitals in the past three years , and that advice would only be given to the patients by clinicians in public hospitals after the patients concerned had given consent to the delivery method to be adopted 生福利司于本年十一月二十日的會議上，回覆本局有關嬰兒出生時因腦部缺氧而變成“植物人”的質詢時，表示在過去3年，公營醫院并沒有報告有這類個案出現。

In the post cold war and globalization times , more and more impact emerged in the welfare states and the old security system environment was changed ? in the process of the west european states finding new solutions for the conjuncture , the third way was presented . the paper studies the security system of british , france and germen 后冷戰和全球化時代，福利國家受到更大的沖擊，其外部條件、內部需求、合法性與公平性方面都發生了變化，西歐各國政府苦于找不到有效的解決方案而陷入更嚴峻的危機狀態中，新的現實呼吁新的思想，第三條道路應運而生。

That ’ s because since 20 c 70 ’ s , many welfare states in western were faced with management crisis : there was “ government failure ” get along with “ market failure ” . moreover , governance brought forward a new view : let government , market and citizen society combine together to manage public administration . this way can be said the third way except government and market , and it cater for the requirement of western countries ’ reform 之所以出現這種局面,是因為20世紀七、八十年代,西方福利國家普遍面臨社會管理危機,政府失靈與市場失靈并存,而“治理”理論所提出的政府與市場、公民社會協同管理公共事務的觀點,為西方改革指明了除政府與市場之外的第三條道路,迎合了西方國家的改革需求。

This text is written at the the enlightenment of 《 access to justice and the welfare state 》 written by mauro cappelletti , the famous italian jurist and 《 rome law 》 written by professor zhou nan and draw the relevant contents of the theseses of domestic scholars 本文是受意大利法學家莫諾?卡佩萊蒂等編著的《福利國家與接近正義》 、周?教授等編著的《羅馬法》及美國學者波斯納的《法律的經濟分析》等著作的啟示并吸取上述著作和國內一些學者論文中的相關內容寫成的。

Germany is tall taxation education of of tall welfare state and medical treatment are do not collect fees ( this just is compatriots most two places of beautiful money of be willing to part with or use , and it is only two none the place of argy - bargy ) a lot of europe countries are such circumstance ( this namely european earned money to travel , go vacationing , and we must “ cannot teach thoroughly thoroughly again “ and “ put money to prevent old “ reason ) swarm into germany ceaselessly as latter international student nevertheless , city of german part federal also begins the expense that differs to collection of ab extra student studying abroad , but the regulation that has not consolidated executive higher education to collect fees again in complete germany churchyard 德國是高稅收高福利國家教育和醫療都是不收費的（這恰恰是國人最舍得花錢的兩個地方，而且是僅有的兩個毫不討價還價的地方）許多歐洲國家都是這樣的情況（這也就是歐洲人賺了錢就旅游，度假，而我們必須“再窮不能窮教育”和“存錢防老”的原因）不過隨著近來外國留學生不斷的涌入德國，德國部分聯邦州也開始對外來留學生收取不等的費用，但是在全德國境內還沒又統一實施高等教育收費的規定。

The western european countries were widespread to practice the social security system , established the so - called “ welfare state “ , which had ever made positive effect to economy development , social stability and people ' s living condition improvement . but it run into problem of what course to follow later . there are close relations between the modern security system and the state economic phenomenon , political situation and the social ethos 西歐國家普遍實行了社會保障制度，建立了所謂的“福利國家” ，曾經對經濟的發展、社會的穩定、人民生活的改善發揮了積極作用，但隨后卻陷入危機，福利國家面臨向何處去的問題；另外，福利國家現代社會保障制度與國家的經濟現象、政治局勢、社會思潮都有緊密的關系。

Firstly , the market force will influence higher education in all kinds of welfare state of countries , but the responses on the infiuence are defer from couniry to counny because of the divergence in their political system as well as cultural history secondly , the government funding still plays the greatest role in funding higher education , but no - public funding is also playing more and more impofha role at the same time . it ' s the esselltial condition for mass higher education development . public funding with no - public funding as a whole force wil1 reshape the higher educaton in the 2l st century 通過本研究得出的基本結論有：市場力量對高等教育的滲透將不同程度地發生在各種教育制度的國家：高等教育非公共消費從總體上講至今仍然處于從屬的非主流的地位，但非公共消費是必需的，尤其在高等教育走向大眾化、普及化的階段；公共消費與非公共消費共同推動、學術取向兼容市場取向將會是21世紀高等教育發展的一大特點。

“ we have now reached the point where you can wander down queen street in auckland and wonder if you are still in new zealand , or some other country , “ he said as he accused “ asians “ of forcing up house prices , clogging the roads , stealing jobs and squeezing the welfare state 我們現在已經到了一個地步，你在奧克蘭隨意沿著皇后大街散步，然后你忍不住會開始懷疑你人究竟是在紐西蘭，還是在什麼別的國家，他在指控亞洲人造成房價飆升、道路擁塞、竊奪工作機會、 ?用這個福利國度的資源時表示。

The paper analyzes the welfare states of industrialization period . the first welfare states were developed by external condition , internal necessity and political legality . it was a period of the forming and developing of modem west europe social security system and it experienced the sprouting , growing and blooming period , then a crisis period came up 本文首先分析了什么是工業化時代的西歐福利國家，最初的福利國家是由外部條件、內部需求、政治合法性要求等因素綜合作用而逐步形成的，這一歷史正是西歐國家現代社會保障制度的形成和發展過程。

However , we cannot compare ourselves with welfare states as our community does not accept their high tax regimes . maintaining the share of public expenditure in gdp at 20 per cent or below , i believe , strikes a proper balance between keeping taxation low and enhancing government services 我認為，在這情況下，把公共開支在本地生產總值所占的比例維持在百分之二十或以下，是在滿足社會對政府維持低稅制與提高福利這兩個期望之間的適當平衡

Adjustments to germany ' s generous welfare state are turning out to have a direct impact on the economy since nearly a third of average disposable income in the country comes from government transfers , a proportion that rises as incomes decrease 德國正對其慷慨的社會福利制度進行調整，這最終會對德國經濟形成直接沖擊，因為在該國人均可支配收入中，有近三分之一來自政府撥款，該比例會隨收入的下降而上升。

That requires painful changes to make labour markets more flexible , to trim overly generous welfare states and to inject new competition into product markets , especially for services , which account for two - thirds of eu - wide gdp 這需要忍受痛苦的轉變，以促使勞動力市場更加靈活，削減過度慷慨的福利國家，并向產品市場注入新的競爭力，特別是占歐盟gdp三分之二的服務業。

These providers - and interrelationships between them - have varying importance over time and across european countries , and a distinction between different types of welfare states or “ welfare regimes “ is made in the literature ( e . g 在20世紀最后十年里重建福利國家的痛苦過程中，經濟增長和社會發展之間的關系一直是整個斯堪的納維亞地區社會問題的爭論熱點。

In this article focus is on one of these types of welfare states , “ the scandinavian welfare model “ , which is characterized in a number of ways , one of these being that the state and the public sector have overall importance for welfare 該地區獨特的歷史經驗并不排斥發展中國家的政府和機構為了發展福利事業而積極推行普及政策所做出的努力。

England has been widely acclaimed to be the forerunner of welfare states ; its long legacy of implementing welfare policies has shaped the formation of late - coming welfare policies throughout the world 也因此，英國被稱為是實施社會福利政策最老牌的國家，是最先啟動社會福利國家的列車，并以其悠久傳統與豐富經驗影響著世界。

England has been widely acclaimed to be the forerunner of welfare states ; its long legacy of implementing welfare policies has shaped the formation of late - coming welfare policies throughout the world 也因此，英國被稱?是實施社會福利政策最老牌的國家，是最先?動社會福利國家的列車，并以其悠久常規與豐富經驗影響著世界。

It is this social insurance scheme , together with the government ' s determination to see that there is full employment ( or as near as can be ) , that constitutes what we can call the “ welfare state ” 正是這種社會保險計劃，加上政府決心要保證人民有充分的就業機會（或者說盡可能充分就業） ，形成了我們所謂的“福利國家” 。

Npp is china ' s first venture philanthropy organization , bringing a more corporate financial model to the nonprofits that are increasingly filling the vacuum left behind by a shrinking welfare state 公益事業伴基金會是中國第一家慈善創投基金，將跨國企業的管理模式帶到萎縮中的非營利組織，活化其組織運作。

But whereas the welfare state could not be easily adapted to fit with the way the world was going , germany ' s foreign policy turned out to be far more in tune with the new challenges of an interdependent world 然而，這個福利國家要找到應對世界發展的坦途并不簡單，其外交政策要更加適應獨立世界的挑戰。